Basic Photographic Materials and Processes THIRD EDITION

Basic Photographic Materials and Processes THIRD EDITION Nanette Salvaggio Dr. Leslie Stroebel and Dr. Richard Zakia, Editors ISBN: 978-0-240-80984-7

Basic Photographic Materials and Processes THIRD  EDITION Contents

Light and Photometry Camera and Printing Exposure Strictly Digital Photographic Optics Sensitometry Tone Reproduction Micro-Image Evaluation Visual Perception Chemistry for Photographers Photographic Emulsions, Films, and Papers Black-and-White Photographic Development Archiving Photographic Images Variability and Quality Control in Photography

A Brief History of Photography

It may be said that photography, as a new way of making images, had its beginnings as soon as 1816 when Joseph phore pce succeeded in creating a camera image on light-sensitive silver-chloride paper. Unfortunately, he was not in a position to fi x the image, so there is no pictorial record of his accomplishment. The oldest preserved photographic image,produced by Ni???¡ì?|pce in 1827, is housed at the University of Texas in Austin in the Gernsheim Collection. In 1833 a Brazilian, Hercules Florence, produced images in writing sensitized with silver salts and coined the word photography. It wasn???¡§o?¡§¡§t until 1973, however, that his achievements were recognized. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, who began a partnership with Ni???¡ì?|pce in 1829, continued to invent and announce, in January 1839, his daguerreotype process. The daguerreotype was a laterally reversed positive monochrome image on a polished silver-coated copper plate. The image was unique and was not reproducible. Henry Fox Talbot, having learned of the announcement by Daguerre, decided to announce his Talbotypeprocedure that he had developed earlier in 1835. The Talbotype produced a monochromatic image on sensitized paper that was both tonally and laterally reversed. Since the image was a negative, it was contact printed onto another piece of sensitized paper with sunlight to produce a positive image. Following the introduction of photography in the fi rst half of the 1800s, a advancement of important advances appeared?awet-collodion emulsions on glass plates, dry silver-halide emulsions on fl exible fi lm, albumen from egg-whites to suspend the silver salts?ato be replaced in turn by gelatin, noncombustible (safety) fi lm base materials, higher-speed fi lms followed by fi ner-grain fast fi lms, orthochromatic, panchromatic, and infrared emulsion sensitivity, reversal and negative color fi lms and papers, and false-color fi lms, instant-picture processes?a to mention only a sample ofthe newest innovations that have been introduced.1 Truly, the period in the center of the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century produced the impressive high-tech chemical evolution in photographic imaging. Now, a dramatic shift from high-tech chemical to high-tech electronic imaging is taking place. The closing years of the twentieth century and the beginning years of the twenty fi rst century have seen an explosive interest in photography, Although the technology of digital imaging is new, most of the basic concepts involved in digital photography?a from the characteristics of the light illuminating and refl ected fromthe topic, to the process of forming an optical image, to the sensitometricand colorimetric characteristics of the digital image, to the visual perception of the fi nal image?aremain exactly the same. Some of the major advantages of a digital image are that the captured image can be seen immediately, can easily be manipulated and transformed, and can easily be sent over the internet to potentially anywhere in the world including vehicles and stations in space. Basic Photographic Materials and Processes
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